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OLD-TIME FUNDAMENTALISTS
Updated December 18, 2006 (first published December 29, 2000) (David Cloud, Fundamental Baptist Information Service, P.O. Box 610368, Port Huron, MI 48061, 866-295-4143, fbns@wayoflife.org; for instructions about subscribing and unsubscribing or changing addresses, see the information paragraph at the end of the article) - I often hear the charge that fundamentalists of old did not defend the KJV. This claim is commonly made in the context of trying to refute today’s KJV defenders. It is said that KJV defense is a new thing and that fundamentalists of old accepted modern textual criticism and did not make an issue of Bible versions. The book From the Mind of God to the Mind of Man makes this claim, as does the tract Trusted Voices on Translations by Mark Minnick of Mount Calvary Baptist Church, Greenville, South Carolina:
One hears this repeated in many places. Following is a version that was distributed recently to an e-mail list in Canada:
What do we say to this? MOST FUNDAMENTALIST LEADERS DID NOT DEVOTE SPECIAL STUDY TO THE SUBJECT OF TEXTS AND VERSIONS. There are exceptions, but there is no evidence that the average fundamentalist leader, such as T.T. Shields or Harry Ironside or J. Gresham Machen or J. Frank Norris, devoted serious study to the subject of modern textual criticism. They faced many fierce doctrinal battles and they could speak authoritatively on many subjects, but the Bible version issue was not one of them. Therefore, to quote these men on the subject of Bible texts and versions has little significance for the simple fact that most of them did not know enough about the subject to make authoritative statements. For example, the pamphlet Trusted Voices on Translations quotes Harry Ironside as follows: “The differences are not very important, but are based upon some older texts which were not in evidence when the Authorized Version was being translated” (Trusted Voices on Translations, p. 9). Ironside was a man of God who loved the Scriptures, but in this particular statement he was wrong and is doubtful that he had looked into the matter very carefully for himself. This brief statement encompasses two serious errors. Ironside said the differences are not very important, whereas the differences between the texts and versions are, in fact, dramatic. He said the textual differences were not known when the AV was translated, but this is not true. From the time of Erasmus forward, the Reformation editors and translators were aware of the textual differences; they even had more than 300 of the readings from the Vaticanus; but they rejected them as corrupt. Had Ironside read the works of men such as John Burgon, Edward Miller, Herman Hoskier, Frederic Scrivener, Robert Dabney, or Philip Mauro, he would have known better than to have made such a statement, but it is obvious that he was merely repeating the opinion of others. Statements by an ill-informed man have no weight, and every man, regardless of how godly or scholarly, is ill-informed in many areas. EVEN IF MANY FUNDAMENTALIST LEADERS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT HELD A CERTAIN POSITION, IT MEANS VERY LITTLE. Our authority is not human leaders, but the Word of God itself (2 Tim. 3:16-17). Some men seem to think that if John Rice or J. Frank Norris or Bob Jones did or believed something, that I must be some sort of nut for not following them. I don’t understand that mindset. I don’t unquestioningly follow fundamentalist leaders past or present in any matter. I appreciate all of the good things they stood for, but they were only men. Furthermore, fundamentalism has never been a homogenous thing; it has always been extremely divided. Fundamentalists have never agreed even on the doctrine of baptism or on eschatology, not to speak of the doctrine of preservation. Even fundamental Baptists themselves are an extremely divided group. The men who wrote The Fundamentals in the 1920s represented an extremely wide variety of doctrine and practice. In fact, some of them held serious error. For example, James Orr of Scotland denied the verbal inspiration of Scripture and allowed for theistic evolution. J. Campbell Morgan denied the literal fire of hell and believed that men could be saved even if they do not hear of or exercise personal faith in Christ. Thus, to uphold certain fundamentalist leaders of old as the standard will not do. FURTHER, I CAN CITE MANY FUNDAMENTALISTS OF BYGONE DAYS WHO RENOUNCED TEXTUAL CRITICISM AND WHO HELD STRICTLY TO THE TR AND THE KJV. Contrary to what the previous writer claims, many fundamentalists DID see inspiration and preservation as twin doctrines. I have documented this in the 460-page book For Love of the Bible, which traces the defense of the KJV and the TR from 1800 to present (available from Way of Life Literature). Let me give three illustrations of fundamentalists of bygone days who renounced textual criticism and who held to the Received Text and the King James Bible. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DEARMORE (1897-1969) Benjamin Dearmore is an example of the fundamentalist Texas Baptists who were standing for the King James Bible prior to 1950. Dr. Dearmore was Chairman of the Faculty at the Bible Baptist Seminary (J. Frank Norris’s school in Ft. Worth) until 1948, and his son, Dr. James Dearmore, M.D. (1929- ), who worked with his father prior to going to the mission field in 1963, says in those days, “there was a very heavy emphasis on the KJV-AV Bible and a rejection of all other versions as ‘per-versions’” (Letter, May 24, 1995). In 1948 B.F. Dearmore and a few other pastors founded the Worth Bible College, which graduated several hundred students during its existence through the mid-1960s. Again, James Dearmore tells us that this school “always consistently defended the KJV-AV Bible.” The elder Dearmore also co-founded with Dr. L.E. Miller the Trinity Valley Seminary in the South Fort Worth Baptist Temple, a church he had founded. “From its founding until the deaths of B.F. Dearmore and L.E. Miller, none could have graduated from that school without strong teachings and belief in the defense of, and acceptance of, the KJV-AV as the ONLY acceptable English version of the Bible” (Letter from James Dearmore). The elder Dearmore also edited for many years an independent Baptist paper called The Message. According to his son, who co-edited this paper for a number of years, it “only recognized the KJV as truly God’s Word in the English language, rejecting all other (per)versions.” I have a copy of The Message dated May 28, 1959. The lead article is titled “Greek Versus English,” and B.F. Dearmore said: “As for me, I will take the King James translation as the very Word of God for the English people. I believe it is without error. It is 100 percent correct. . . . I do positively state that people who do not know a word of Greek can become real Bible scholars. Many times their understanding is far greater than the Greek scholars.” This opens a window into a large segment of the fundamental Baptist movement during the first half of the twentieth century in the south central and southwestern United States. There were hundreds of independent Baptist churches in those days which stood exclusively for the King James Bible and which opposed the modern versions. Those who believe that the “King James Only” position is some kind of new invention are conveniently ignoring the facts of history, or they are defining “King James Only” as a Ruckman type belief in advanced revelation, double inspiration, etc. WILLIAM ABERHART (1878-1943) Another illustration, from the many that could be given, is William Aberhart, who stood for the Received Text and the King James Bible in western Canada during the first half of the twentieth century. Aberhart was a pastor, Bible school dean, radio Bible teacher, the principal of one of the most prestigious high schools in Canada, and a greatly beloved political leader. He was Premier of Alberta from 1935-43. For many years Aberhart expounded upon the Bible in weekly lectures attended by hundreds on Sunday afternoons in Calgary. He was an old-fashioned Fundamentalist and dispensationalist. He was also a Baptist. In November 1925, he began his pioneer radio broadcasts which were beamed across Alberta and which enjoyed a tremendously large and dedicated following. Aberhart also founded the Radio Sunday School. At the time of his death, six thousand young people were enrolled. In the late 1920s Aberhart separated from the Regular Baptists over issues such as Bible inspiration and prophecy, and in 1924 he established the Calgary Prophetic Bible Institute. The first student enrolled in this Bible Institute was Ernest Charles Manning, who eventually became the premier of Alberta, holding that position from 1943 until 1968. Aberhart also founded the Bible Institute Baptist Church, which was dedicated by the fundamental Baptist leader William B. Riley. The Bible Institute Baptist Church, which seated 1,250 counting the seats in the gallery, was a prominent church in Calgary in those days. Many well-known Fundamentalist leaders from the States, such as W.B. Riley and Harry Rimmer, preached there. Aberhart trained his people and his students to have confidence in the divine preservation of the Bible. Aberhart saw the Bible text issue as one involving the authority of God’s Word. On his stationery in dark orange ink were the words “We believe in an inspired Bible.” Aberhart was not satisfied, though, to believe that an inspired Bible had come from the hands of the Scripture writers only to be corrupted in its transmission through the centuries. He argued that not only was it God’s responsibility to give the Bible but also to keep the Bible. He believed the King James Bible is the preserved Word of God. A summary of Aberhart’s teaching was given to me by Pastor Mark Buch (1910-1995), who was educated by Aberhart in the 1930s. Buch was the founder and pastor of the People’s Fellowship Tabernacle in Vancouver, British Columbia. This church was a stronghold for biblical fundamentalism in western Canada from the time it was founded in 1939. Buch knew and preached with many of the well-known Fundamentalist leaders of this century, including J. Frank Norris, G. Beauchamp Vick, and Bob Jones Sr. In 1990, Buch retired from the pastorate (though he continued his radio broadcasts until his death in 1995), and People’s Fellowship Tabernacle merged with Bethel Baptist Church to become the Tabernacle Baptist Church of Vancouver. Its pastor, Gordon Conner, continues to hold a standard for the King James Bible and biblical Fundamentalism in western Canada. When I was doing research for my book For Love of the Bible, I had the pleasure of interviewing this gracious man of God on a number of occasions. Aberhart taught on the subject of inspiration and preservation in a second year Apologetics course at the Prophetic Bible Institute. Buch testified to me of the excitement he experienced during that course:
In a conversation on March 1, 1995, Buch explained to me just how important the textual issue was to him: “When Aberhart helped me to see the Bible textual issue, it was like being saved again. I saw that God has preserved His Word and that the Authorized Version was an accurate translation of the divinely-preserved Scriptures.” Note how Pastor Buch described Aberhart’s position on Bible preservation:
During my personal interviews with Pastor Mark Buch, he gave me a copy of one of Aberhart’s booklets on the subject of Bible versions. It was titled The Latest of Modern Movements: Or What about the Revised Version of the Bible? Published in 1924 or 1925, it was printed and distributed by the thousands. In the title of his booklet, Aberhart was referring to the English Revised Version of 1885. He also mentioned Darby’s Version, Russell’s Diaglot, Moulton’s Bible, American Revised Version, 20th Century in Modern Speech, Moffatt’s Translation, Goodspeed’s New Testament, and Kent’s Shorter Bible. He warned that modern textual criticism and the multiplicity of modern versions was weakening the authority of the Bible. Consider the following excerpt from Aberhart’s booklet:
Aberhart influenced thousands of fundamentalists, and others like him could be mentioned. The point is that there were fundamentalists in days gone by who defended the KJV against modern versions and took an educated stand against modern textual criticism. Though many fundamentalists did not take such a stand, many others did. Those today who are claiming that King James Bible defense is a new thing are wrong. The position William Aberhart held on the Bible version issue in the 1920s is the position that I hold today, nothing more or less. PHILIP MAURO (1859-1952) A third illustration, of the many that could be given, is Philip Mauro, a famous patent lawyer who argued before the bar of the United States Supreme Court, and a fundamentalist leader who contributed at least two articles to The Fundamentals. As patent counsel for the Columbia Phonograph Company, Mauro had repeated encounters with Thomas Edison. Mauro was converted in 1903, ten years after he had been admitted to the bar. He had an Episcopalian background, but by age 45 he was a skeptic in regard to religion. In the spring of the year 1903 he attended a church service almost by accident, and it changed his life. Impressed with the friendliness of the people, Mauro returned to the church several times and was eventually born again through repentance toward God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. Following is the story in Mauro’s own words:
After his conversion Mauro became a bold Christian and wrote many books on Christian themes. He was a fundamentalist and taught believer’s baptism by immersion. In addition to an original copy of his book Which Version, I have collected four other books by Mauro for my library. These are Man’s Day (London: Morgan & Scott, 1908), The Characteristics of the Age and Their Significance (Swengel, PA: Bible Truth Depot, 1918), The World and Its God (New York: Gospel Publishing House, 1905), and Baptism (Swengel, PA: Reiner Publications, 1977 reprint of the 1914 original). He wrote dozens of other books and booklets, including The Truth about Evolution, The Progress of the Apostasy, Sanctification, God’s Apostle and High Priest, The Seventy Weeks and the Great Tribulation, The Wonders of Bible Chronology, Evolution at the Bar, Dispensationalism Justifies the Crucifixion, Speaking in Tongues, Our Liberty in Christ, and Believing on the Son of God. He defended the faith in an uncompromising and gracious Christian manner and saw people saved through the distribution of his colporteur booklets. Though not a dispensationalist, he stood against theological modernism, evolution, Pentecostalism, and other isms of his day, and boldly defended the infallibility of Scripture. Mauro wrote the legal brief that was used by William Jennings Bryan to defend the Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the public schools. This was the famous “Skopes Trial.” Bryan won the case against the famous trial lawyer Clarence Darrow. Because of his profession, Philip Mauro had opportunity to witness to many well-placed individuals, including Thomas Edison. This is the account in Mauro’s own words: “Mr. Edison is now in his eightieth year; but his mind is evidently as keen as ever. All his life his attitude regarding things not seen--God, the human soul, life hereafter, etc.--has been severely skeptical. But now, in the sunset of his days, he has undertaken the investigation of those great matters, with a desire to know the truth, but with insistence upon PROOF. ‘1 want FACTS,’ was the way he expressed the attitude of his mind. Owing to Mr. Edison’s deafness, it was difficult for the editor to speak to him. But it was better so; and the promise was given that he would read attentively a short letter on the matter discussed.” Following is the letter Mauro wrote to Edison the next day:
Interestingly, Mauro was aboard the Carpathian when it rescued survivors from the ill-fated Titanic in 1912. Mauro contributed material to The Fundamentals, a series of books published in the 1920s to resist the tide of theological liberalism that was entering America from Europe and England. The name Fundamentalist derived from these books. Thus, Mauro was one of the fathers of the fundamentalist movement. Beginning in the early 1920s, Philip Mauro wrote in defense of the King James Bible and in opposition to the critical Greek text which had been introduced thirty years earlier, and to the modern versions which were beginning to flow from it. Mauro’s 1924 work Which Version? Authorized or Revised? was reprinted 50 years later in David Otis Fuller’s True or False. Mauro leaned heavily upon the research of John Burgon, but his logic was his own. This brilliant lawyer carefully represented the side of the Traditional or Received Text. The thing that characterized Mauro is that which characterizes each defender of the Received Text and the KJV: faith in God’s providence and an emphasis on Bible preservation:
Thus, the claim that fundamentalist leaders of bygone days ignored the Bible version question, or refused to make Bible versions an issue, or came down consistently on the side of the critical Greek text and against “King James Onlyism,” is simply false. The position held on the Bible version issue in the 1920s and 1930s by Benjamin Dearmore, William Aberhart, and Philip Mauro was held by thousands of other fundamentalists. Fundamentalist leaders have always taken different positions on this issue as they have on most other issues. They held different positions on Bible versions in the first half of the twentieth century, and they hold different positions today. Some might protest that it was only a minority of fundamentalists of bygone days who defended the King James Bible, but I, for one, do not believe that is true. I doubt any other man has looked into the history of this more than I have; but even at that, no one has done an exhaustive study on this to prove it one way or the other. Such a project would require years of diligent and expensive research, and even at the end of such a project one would know only a little about some of the more visible fundamentalist leaders who left a written record touching this subject and would still be ignorant of what the vast majority of fundamentalist preachers have believed. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THERE HAVE ALWAYS BEEN TWO ASPECTS TO FUNDAMENTALISM: THE SCHOLARS AND THE COMMON PEOPLE. The common people, who have made up the vast majority of fundamentalism, have always stood for the KJV. See Mk. 12:37. This is a fact that is recognized by historians of fundamentalism. Consider this from James Bar:
[The KJV is] “the text of fundamentalism.” Peter Thuesen agrees: “Yet many, if not most, fundamentalists of the fifties and sixties still regarded the King James Version as the only real Bible, save for the autographs themselves” (Peter Thuesen, In Discordance with the Scriptures: American Protestant Battles over Translating the Bible, p. 112). FINALLY, IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE BIBLE VERSION ISSUE WAS NOT A GREAT ISSUE AMONG FUNDAMENTALISTS UNTIL THE 1970S. Other battles were more pressing. Between 1920 and 1950, fundamentalists were preoccupied with fighting theological modernism. Between 1950 and 1970, they were preoccupied with fighting New Evangelicalism and ecumenism. It was until the 1970s that the King James Bible had any serious competition in fundamentalist churches. Prior to this there were many modern versions, such as the ASV of 1901, the RSV of 1952, and the NASV of 1960, but these were never popular among fundamentalists and never presented a serious challenge to the KJV. Though modern textual criticism was used in some fundamentalist seminaries, it was something that was isolated, for the most part, among the “scholars.” Even those seminaries that accepted modern textual criticism in the Greek department used the King James Bible in the pulpit so that the average fundamentalist was simply not faced with the issue. This changed in the 1970s with the publication of the popular New International Version, which was adopted widely among evangelicals. It is no accident, then, that it was in the 1970s that fundamentalists began to publish books on a large scale opposing modern texts and versions. See also the following articles at the Way of Life web site: http://www.wayoflife.org/fbns/versfbns.htm
See also the Bible Version Issue Question-Answer Database |
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